洛克

　　洛克(1632～1704年)

　　Locke, John

　　英国哲学家。曾就读於牛津大学，主修医学及科学，後来成为未来的沙夫茨伯里伯爵第三的医师兼顾问（1667～1672）。後来迁居法国，但在1683年沙夫茨伯里伯爵失势後逃到尼德兰，在那里支持未来的威廉三世，并在光荣革命後回到英国，担任上诉法院法官直到去世为止。他最着名的作品是《人类理解论》（1690，或译《人类悟性论》），他驳斥了理性主义者所称思想家单靠理性就能找到宇宙真理的观点，而主张世界的知识仅能从经验获得。在知识论中，洛克为英国经验主义和实用主义奠定基础。他最重要的政治哲学着作是《政府二论》（1690），其中反驳了专制主义和君王的神权。洛克在论文中对自由主义的经典陈述後来启发了美国革命及法国大革命的领袖，还有美国宪法的作者。洛克是英国和法国启蒙运动的发起人，也对休姆、柏克莱及18世纪其他许多人物产生强烈的影响。

　　English version

　　1632～1704年

　　Locke, John

　　English philosopher. Educated at Oxford, principally in medicine and science, he later became physician and adviser to the future 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1667-72). He moved to France, but after Shaftesbury's fall in 1683 he fled to the Netherlands, where he supported the future William III, returning to England after the Glorious Revolution to become commissioner of appeals, a post he held till his death. His most famous work is his Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He rejected the rationalist view that a thinker could work out by reason alone the truth about the universe, arguing that knowledge of the world could only be gained by experience. In epistemology, Locke laid the foundations of British empiricism and of pragmatism. His most important work of political philosophy is Two Treatises of Government (1690), which refutes absolutism and the divine right of monarchs. Locke's classic expression of liberalism in the treatises was to inspire the leaders of the American and French Revolutions and the authors of the U.S. Constitution. An initiator of the Enlightenment in England and France, Locke was also a strong influence on David Hume, George Berkeley, and many other 18th-century figures.

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