斯塔尔

　　斯塔尔(1766～1817年)

　　Sta?l, Germaine de，原名baronne (baroness) Anne-Louise-Germaine Necker, baronne de Sta?l-Holstein。

　　以斯塔尔夫人（Madame de Stael）知名

　　法裔瑞士作家、政治活动家、沙龙交际家。早年以活泼机敏赢得赞誉，因《论卢梭的性格与作品》（1788）一书而一举成名。其生涯中最出色的一段始於1794年，当时她在大恐怖结束後回到法国；她举办的私人沙龙十分兴旺，文艺界和知识界着名人物为她的沙龙带来了声誉。於此，她还发表了一些政治和文学论文，着名的有《论激情对个人与民族的幸福的影响》（1796），这篇文章成了欧洲浪漫主义的重要文献之一。1803年厌憎她抱持敌对态度的拿破仑将她驱逐出巴黎，她则把自己在瑞士科佩（Coppet）的住所当成了行动总部。最重要的着作或许是《德国》（1810）一书，这是一本关於德国的风格、文学与艺术、哲学与道德以及宗教的严肃着作。其他作品有小说、剧本、道德散文、历史研究以及回忆录。

　　English version

　　1766～1817年

　　Sta?l, Germaine de

　　French-Swiss writer, political propagandist, and salon hostess. Born in Paris, she early gained a reputation as a lively wit. She first became known for Letters on the Works and the Character of J.-J. Rousseau (1788). The most brilliant period of her career began in 1794, when she returned to Paris after the Reign of Terror; her salon, known for its literary and intellectual figures, flourished, and she published political and literary essays, notably A Treatise on the Influence of the Passions upon the Happiness of Individuals and of Nations (1796), an important document of European Romanticism. In 1803 Napoleon, who resented her opposition, had her banished from Paris, and she made the family residence in Coppet, Switzerland, her headquarters. Probably her most important work is Germany (1810), a serious study of German manners, literature and art, philosophy and morals, and religion. Her other writings include novels, plays, moral essays, history, and memoirs.