自然主义

　　自然主义(naturalism)

　　19世纪末至20世纪初的美学运动。受到自然科学的一些原则和方法的启发，特别是达尔文主义，并使之与文学艺术相适应。在文学上，扩充了写实主义传统，以更忠实地、伪科学地手法反映现实，并以不带道德评价的方式表达。自然主义艺术中的人物特徵典型为人类生活中遗传和环境的决定论者的角色。自然主义起源於法国，主要代表者为左拉。在美国，该运动则与克雷恩和德莱塞的作品联系在一起。自然主义的视觉艺术家从生活中选择主题，捕捉住非装模作样和未理想化的题材，他们的作品都带有新鲜与直接感。画家效法库尔贝的先例，开始从现实生活中选择主题，其中许多人离开画室到户外，在农民和商人间寻找主题，一旦发现便立即动笔，完成的油画都带有速写所特有的新鲜感和直接感。自然主义作为一个历史运动没有持续多久，但它丰富了写实主义、扩大了题材的新领域和接近生活甚於接近艺术的不拘形式。

　　English version

　　naturalism

　　Aesthetic movement of the late 19th to early 20th century inspired by the adaptation of the principles and methods of natural science, especially Darwinism, to literature and art. In literature it extended the tradition of realism, aiming at an even more faithful, pseudoscientific representation of reality, presented without moral judgment. Characters in naturalistic literature typically illustrate the deterministic role of heredity and environment on human life. Naturalism originated in France, where its leading exponent was é. Zola. In America the movement is associated with the work of Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser. Visual artists associated with naturalism chose themes from life, capturing subjects unposed and not idealized, thus giving their works freshness and immediacy. Following the lead of Gustave Courbet, painters chose themes from contemporary life, and many deserted the studio for the open air, finding subjects among peasants and tradespeople, capturing them as they found them. As a result, finished canvases had the freshness and immediacy of sketches. While naturalism was short-lived as a historical movement, it contributed to art an enrichment of realism, new areas of subject matter, and a formlessness that was closer to life than to art.

　　参考文章日本文学自然主义文学素材